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Islamic architecture encompasses a wide range of both secular and religious styles from the foundation of Islam to the present day. What today is known as Islamic architecture owes its origin to similar structures already existing in Roman, Byzantine and Persian lands which the Muslims conquered in the 7th and 8th centuries.〔Krautheimer, Richard. (Early Christian and Byzantine Architecture ) Yale University Press Pelican History of Art, Penguin Books Ltd., 1965, p. 285.〕〔Fletcher, Banister (A History of Architecture on the Comparative Method ) 4th Edition, London, p. 476.〕 Further east, it was also influenced by Chinese and Indian architecture as Islam spread to Southeast Asia. The principal Islamic architectural types are: the Mosque, the Tomb, the Palace and the Fort. From these four types, the vocabulary of Islamic architecture is derived and used for other buildings such as public baths, fountains and domestic architecture.〔Copplestone, p.149〕〔http://www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?c=Article_C&cid=1158658332974&pagename=Zone-English-ArtCulture%2FACELayout A Tour of Architecture in Islamic Cities〕 ==Influences== Specifically recognizable Islamic architectural style emerged soon after Muhammad's time, inspired by the former Sassanid and Byzantine models. The Dome of the Rock (''Qubbat al-Sakhrah'') in Jerusalem (691) is one of the most important buildings in all of Islamic architecture. It is patterned after the nearby Church of the Holy Sepulchre〔Avner, Rina (“The Dome of the Rock in Light of the development of Concentric Martyria in Jerusalem” ) article in “Muqarnas: An annual on the visual cultures of the Islamic World” Vol 27, Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands, 2010, p. 43-44〕 and Byzantine Christian artists were employed to create its elaborate mosaics against a gold background.〔p. 351.〕〔The Church of the Holy Sepulchre, Martin Biddle. p.68〕 The great epigraphic vine frieze was adapted from the pre-Islamic Syrian style.〔Flood, Finbarr Barry (The Great Mosque of Damascus: Studies on the Makings of an Umayyad Visual Culture ) Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands, 2000, p. 67-68. “The vine frieze finds various counterparts in the decoration of pre-Islamic Syrian temples and churches...”〕 The Dome of the Rock featured interior vaulted spaces, a circular dome, and the use of stylized repeating decorative arabesque patterns. Desert palaces in Jordan and Syria (for example, Mshatta, Qasr Amra, and Khirbat al-Mafjar) served the caliphs as living quarters, reception halls, and baths, and were decorated to promote an image of royal luxury. The horseshoe arch became a popular feature in Islamic structures. Some suggest the Muslims acquired this from the Visigoths in Spain〔The horseshoe arch is observed in early Spanish churches such as (Juan ) and (Pedro )〕 but they may have obtained it from Syria and Persia where the horseshoe arch had been in use by the Byzantines as early as the 5th century.〔http://www.green-man-of-cercles.org/articles/the_horseshoe_arch.pdf. See attesting photos of early forms of the horseshoe arch: 1) (Church of St. James at Nisibis, Turkey ) 2) (Alahan Monastery near Mut, Turkey ). 3) (Clivo di Scauro towards Villa Mattei , Rome ).〕 After the Moorish invasion of Spain in 711 AD the form was taken by the Umayyads who accentuated the curvature of the horseshoe.〔http://www.green-man-of-cercles.org/articles/the_horseshoe_arch.pdf〕 The Great Mosque of Damascus (completed in 715 by caliph Al-Walid I),〔Hillenbrand, Robert. Islamic Art and Architecture, Thames & Hudson World of Art series; 1999, London. ISBN 9780500203057〕 built on the site of the basilica of John the Baptist after the Islamic invasion of Damascus, still bore great resemblance to 6th and 7th century Christian basilicas. Certain modifications were implemented, including expanding the structure along the transversal axis which better fit with the Islamic style of prayer. The Abbasid dynasty (750 AD The Great Mosque of Kairouan (in Tunisia) is considered the ancestor of all the mosques in the western Islamic world. Its original marble columns and sculptures were of Roman workmanship brought in from Carthage and other elements resemble Roman form.〔Petrie, Graham (Tunis, Kairouan & Carthage: described and illustrated with forty-eight paintings ) William Heinemann, London, 1908, p. 199.〕〔S. Kleiner, Fred and Helen Gardner (Gardner's Art through the Ages: Backpack Edition, Volume C, 14th ed., Book 3 ) Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, Boston, MA, 2005, p. 89.〕 It is one of the best preserved and most significant examples of early great mosques, founded in 670 AD and dating in its present form largely from the Aghlabid period (9th century).〔(Great Mosque of Kairouan (Qantara mediterranean heritage) )〕 The Great Mosque of Kairouan is constituted of a massive square minaret, a large courtyard surrounded by porticos and a huge hypostyle prayer hall covered on its axis by two cupolas. The Great Mosque of Samarra in Iraq, completed in 847 AD, combined the hypostyle architecture of rows of columns supporting a flat base above which a huge spiraling minaret was constructed. The Hagia Sophia in Istanbul also influenced Islamic architecture. When the Ottomans captured the city from the Byzantines, they converted the basilica to a mosque (now a museum) and incorporated Byzantine architectural elements into their own work (e.g. domes). The Hagia Sophia also served as a model for many Ottoman mosques such as the Shehzade Mosque, the Suleiman Mosque, and the Rüstem Pasha Mosque. Domes are a major structural feature of Islamic architecture. The dome first appeared in Islamic architecture in 691 with the construction of the Dome of the Rock, a near replica of the existing Church of the Holy Sepulchre and other Christian domed basilicas situated nearby. Domes remain in use, being a significant feature of many mosques and of the Taj Mahal in the 17th century. The distinctive pointed domes of Islamic architecture, also originating with the Byzantines and Persians,〔Stewart, Charles Anthony (Flying Buttress and Pointed Arch in Byzantine Cyprus ) Accessed August 2013.〕〔See Karamagara Bridge and Byzantine architecture and Taq-i-Kisra.〕 have remained a distinguishing feature of mosques into the 21st century.〔Grabar, O. (2006) p.87〕〔Ettinghausen (2003), p.87〕 Distinguishing motifs of Islamic architecture have always been the mathematical themes of ordered repetition, radiating structures, and rhythmic, metric patterns. In this respect, fractal geometry has been a key utility, especially for mosques and palaces. Other significant features employed as motifs include columns, piers and arches, organized and interwoven with alternating sequences of niches and colonnettes.〔Tonna (1990), pp.182–197〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「islamic architecture」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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